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Formula Sheets / Chemistry

Chapter 14

Hydrocarbons

Revise with flashcards Download this chapter (PDF) All Chemistry formulas (PDF)

Alkanes Alkenes and alkynes Aromatic hydrocarbons

Alkanes

Wurtz
$2$ RX $+ 2$ Na $dry ether$ R–R $+ 2$ NaX
Kolbe electrolysis
$2$ RCOO $^{-} \to$ R–R $+ 2$ CO $_{2} + 2 e^{-}$
Halogenation
reactivity: F $_{2} >$ Cl $_{2} >$ Br $_{2};$ selectivity: $3^{\circ}$ H $> 2^{\circ} > 1^{\circ}$

Alkenes and alkynes

Markovnikov
H adds to the carbon with more H $;$ HBr + peroxide: anti-Markovnikov
Ozonolysis
C=C $;$ two C=O
Alkyne reduction
Lindlar $\to c i s$ -alkene $;$ Na/liq. NH $_{3} \to t r an s$ -alkene
terminal alkynes are acidic: give precipitates with ammoniacal AgNO $_{3}$ and Cu $_{2}$ Cl $_{2}$

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Directing groups
$o / p : -$ OH $, -$ NH $_{2}, -$ OR $, -$ R $_{6}$ X $;$ $m : -$ NO $_{2}, -$ CN $, -$ CHO $, -$ COOH
Friedel–Crafts
C $_{6}$ H $_{6} +$ RCl $AlCl_{3}$ C $_{6}$ H $_{5}$ R
halogens deactivate the ring but direct $o / p$

General Organic Chemistry Environmental Chemistry