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Formula Sheets / Chemistry

Chapter 21

General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Metals

Revise with flashcards Download this chapter (PDF) All Chemistry formulas (PDF)
Concentration and extractionRefining

Concentration and extraction

  • froth flotation (sulphide ores); leaching (Al, Au, Ag); roasting (sulphides); calcination (carbonates)

  • Ellingham diagram

    a metal reduces the oxide of any metal above it;ΔG∘=ΔH∘−TΔS∘

Refining

  • electrolytic (Cu); zone refining (Si, Ge); Mond (Ni via Ni(CO)4​); van Arkel (Ti, Zr via iodides)
Surface Chemistryp Block Elements (Group 15, 16, 17 and 18)